Turbulence in vegetation canopies – from biometeorology to wildfires.

The traditional motivation behind studying the dynamics of turbulent wind flow in vegetation canopies has been to understand the nature of mass, momentum, and energy exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere. The nature of this interaction determines the microclimate in a forest environment where plants exchange carbon and water, and its understanding is relevant for a plethora of applications ranging from ecology, hydrology, agriculture, and the modeling of weather and climate. However, the fundamental nature of turbulence in a vegetation canopy is significantly different from the atmospheric surface layer lying above, which means that scaling laws and exchange coefficients from traditional wall-bounded flows are not applicable. In a forest canopy, momentum absorption happens not only at the ground surface but throughout the depth of the canopy, resulting in a unique ‘roughness sub layer.’ Instead of a log-layer, the mean velocity profile is inflected, second-order moments are variable with height, and skewnesses are large. Large-scale coherent structures impart a significant impact on turbulence dynamics. A mixing layer model is found to be a better model for describing canopy flows. High-frequency measurements and computational fluid dynamics modeling, especially Large Eddy Simulations (LES) have been instrumental in revealing the nature of canopy turbulence in the last few decades. Now, this knowledge is being used to push the frontiers of our limited understanding of how wildland fires behave. The main controls on wildland fire behavior – fuel (canopy and grasslands), weather, and topography are strongly influenced by the fine-scale physics of canopy turbulence. We will demonstrate that further developments in the understanding of canopy turbulence can benefit wildfire modeling tools and develop actionable management strategies.